The branches of physics and engineering that study very low temperatures, lower than 150° C how to produce them, and how materials behave at those temperatures.

Used for research purposes :

Measures at very low temperatures
materials, solid physics
instrumentation development
accelerators and particle physics
magnets, cavities, detectors
magnetic confinement
astrophysics
earth and space military sensors

Use in the industry

Electronics (detectors, components)
Electrotechnical industry (storage, transport, alternators, limiters)
Transport
Liquefaction and cooling
Storage of fluid
Insulation
Space industry
Propellers (fuel and engine)
Medical
Cryosurgical, cryopreservation